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Physics Classroom is making strides to make our site accessible to everyone. Our site contains 6 navigation areas. The Primary, Secondary, and Page Level navigations have a screen reader version of their nav structure that allows using the left and right keys to navigate sibling navigation items, and up or down keys to navigate parent or child navigation items. The others can be navigated using tabs. The Primary Navigation handles the first 2 levels of site pages. The Secondary (which is not always available) handles the 3rd and 4th level of structure. The Page level navigation allows you to navigate the current page's headings quickly. The Header Navigation contains the Light/Dark Mode toggle, Search, Notifications and account login. The Breadcrumb Navigation contains the breadcrumb of the current page. If the current page has a breadcrumb, you can get to it by skipping to the content and tabbing in reverse (shift plus tab). The Footer Navigation contains links such as Privacy, Contact, about and terms. Some resources contain an Audio Player that can be activated by holding down the T key for 3 seconds, and then using K to pause and resume. While not every area of Physics Classroom is usable purely from keyboard and screen reader, we are committed to continue work on making this possible. If you have questions or need additional help, please use this link to contact us.

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Heat of Formation - Directions

Using the Heat of Formation Concept Builder is quite simple. There are three different activities. In the first activity you are provided the value for the heat of formation of a compound. Six different chemical equations are also presented along with a ∆H value for each of the six reactions. Knowing what the heat of formation means (see the Help Me! page if you don't), you must decide which of the six equations and corresponding ∆H values are consistent with the heat of formation value. Tap on an equation to select it; it will be enclosed in a grey rectangle. Tap a second time to deselect it. Select all equations that apply. As long as you have at least one equation selected, a Check Answer button will be visible. When you are satisfied with your answer, tap on the Check Answer button. Your answers will be evaluted and the Progress Report will be updated (for Task Tracker users).

The second and third activities work differently than the first activity. In the Heat of Reaction 1 and Heat of Reaction 2 activities, you must ultimately determine the ∆H of a given reaction. You do so by using the ∆Hformation values for the compounds involved in the reaction. The ∆Hformation values are listed in the panel on the right side of the Concept Builder. Tapping on the panel closes it; tapping on the View ∆Hf Values button re-opens the panel. You accomplish the task in steps (2 steps for Heat of Reaction 1 and 3 steps for Heat of Reaction 2). The Concept Builder guides you through the process. The step is described (in the grey box near the bottom of the Concept Builder) and six answer options are provided. Tap on an Answer Option (text or button to its left) to select it. Tap on the Check button to check your answer. Feedback is given and multiple (endless) opportunities are allowed to get the answer correct. Once correct, the step is plotted on the graph and you will be guided through the second step (or the third step). Once you have completed the 2- or 3-step analysis, a summary is provided and you are instructed to use the values for ∆H of the steps to calculate the ∆H of the reaction. You are allowed only one attempt to do this; no grace here. Enter your answer using the number pad. Be sure to include the negative sign if the ∆H is negative. When satisfied with your entered value, tap on the Check Answer button. Your answer will be evaluated and your Progress Report will be updated.

Your goal is to earn "Stars" and to complete one or more activities. Stars are earned when you show success on a particular question. If you miss a question then you will have to answer two similar questions correctly before earning a star. Once you show success on all the questions for a particular activity, you will earn the trophy for that difficulty level (Task Tracker users only).

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